使用被动语态的情况主动语态与被动语态的转化
1. 使用被动语态的情况
1) 不知道或没有必要知道谁是动作的执行者时。
The young man was injured in the car accident.
这个年轻人在车祸中受伤了。
2) 需要强调动作的承受者时。
Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn't be taken away.
阅览室里的书籍和报纸是不允许被带走的。
3) 为了使语气婉转，避免提及自己或对方时。
Everybody is expected to obey the following rules.
每个人都应该遵守下列规则。
4) 动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物时。
The windows were broken by strong wind.
窗户被大风刮坏了。
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I am determined to take medicine.
我决定要服药。
2. 主动语态与被动语态的转化
1) 最基本的变化是将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，主动句的谓语变为“be＋及物动词的过去分词”形式，主动句中的主语变为by结构，有时可省略。
We will discuss the plan tomorrow. 我们明天讨论这个计划。
→The plan will be discussed tomorrow(by us). 这个计划明天讨论。
2) 谓语动词有两个宾语，变成被动语态时，通常将指人的间接宾语转化成主语，有时也可将指物的直接宾语转化成主语。
The mother gave the child some money.→The child was given some money (by the mother).
或Some money was given to the child(by the mother).
注意
用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常在间接宾语前加上适当的介词(如to, for等)，以加强间接宾语的语气。
They awarded him the Nobel Prize. 他们颁给他了诺贝尔奖。
→The Nobel Prize was awarded to him. 诺贝尔奖颁给了他。
3) 谓语动词后跟复合宾语，变成被动语态时，宾语转化成主语，宾语补足语不变，但相应成为主语补足语。
They painted the house white. 他们把房子刷成白色的。
→The house was painted white(by them). 房子被刷成了白色的。
4) 带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，通常用it来作为被动句的形式主语，谓语动词改为be done结构，宾语从句保持不变。
They said that he had gone abroad to study English. 他们说他去国外学英语了。
→It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 据说他去国外学英语了。
Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.
＂The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,＂ says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. ＂They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.＂
Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication — e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations — found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the ＂most e-mailed＂ list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.
Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, ＂Contagious: Why Things Catch On.＂
1 .What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?
A. News reports． B. Research papers．
C. Private e-mails． D. Daily conversations．
2. What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?
A. They’re socially inactive． B. They’re good at telling stories．
C. They’re inconsiderate of others． D. They’re careful with their words．
3. Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Berger’s research?
A. Sports news． B. Science articles．
C. Personal accounts． D. Financial reviews．
4. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide． B .Online News Attracts More People．
C. Reading Habits Change with the Times． D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks．
